An interesting aspect is that the phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of CSC has been associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), another important factor linked to both local and remote tumor invasiveness. The poor survival rate of HNSCC is partly attributable to the tendency for diagnosis at the late stage of the disease. The genetic progression model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrates that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is common during the progression from premalignant lesion to malignant tumors [ 31 ]. The enhanced expression of TRIM29 as keratinocytes “regenerator” should be associated in vivowith the altered expression of other key proteins (heat shock proteins, cytokeratin, and cytoskeletal proteins), inflammation process, epidermis remodeling, and immune response type, as these could be novel mechanisms of keratinocyte survival upon UV damage [16, 21]. Known risk factors for SCC include chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure, chronic wounds and inflammation, exposure to certain chemicals and immunosuppression. It is worthwhile highlighting the limited ability of stem cells to renew, making them susceptible to carcinogenesis. PMID: 2648028, in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas as a Differences in the proteomic pattern between normal and inflammatory keratinocytes reside in several important classes of overexpressed proteins. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with EGFR that not only activates the protein-tyrosine kinase system involved in cell multiplication and differentiation, but also plays an important role in OSCC resilience to radiotherapy. CD 133 is one of the most important biomarkers linked to proliferation and differentiation of skin cancers so that new therapeutic targets are needed to be focused on this transmembrane hematopoietic stem cell glycoprotein. carcinomas. The objective of this study was to determine expression of the P53 marker in cases of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and also to study the possible relationship between the level of the marker and clinical prognostic and histopathologic factors of the disease. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. progression and a valuable independent prognostic factor in Studies performed on serpin family gene expression levels in cSCC cell lines versus normal keratinocytes demonstrate a significantly raised Serpin-A1 expression correlated with the tumorigenic change of keratinocytes [92]. carcinoma of the larynx. Different carcinogens imprint different changes on skin cells, including on the keratinocyte proteome pattern. PMID: 10691142. Due to the fact that SCC is associated with frequent recurrence and sometimes metastasis, it is necessary to realize the study of biological transformation that occurs in these types of cancers. Due to limited options available, there is a real need for new targeted therapies being developed grounded on specific biomarkers. patients receiving radiation therapy. PMID: 10665654. serum ICTP concentrations might be a novel (PTTG) transcript levels might be used as a prognostic biomarker squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx (SCCH). PMID: 17183068, Jab1 (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1), may be a useful prognostic factor in oral widely used in clinical practice. As far as the biomarkers linked to genital SCC [23, 115, 116, 117] are concerned, their discovery is relevant due to their significant impact on early diagnosis and timely treatment. This difference may be owed to some viruses (HIV, HPV) that potentiate tumorigenesis in immunosuppressed patients [87, 88]. Also, immunosuppression caused by organ transplant or chemotherapy targeting BRAF favors the development of cSCCs with RAS mutations, elevating steadily the incidence of skin cancer by over 65-fold [6]. PMID: 14666704, a prognostic indicator for squamous cell squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. MMP is a family of proteases expressed by invasive tumors and adjacent stroma. google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; SCC with penile localization (PSCC) has a relatively low incidence and is associated with poor hygiene, lack of circumcision, HPV infection, and tobacco use [122, 125, 126, 127]. PMID: 9105473, highly related to SCC not only of the uterine significant prognostic marker for the evaluation of OCPSCC in PMID: 8063936, Skp2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2), a useful prognostic factor in oral SCC Numerous studies link p16 expression with a less aggressive form of vulvar SCC and a reduced death rate. A fairly controversial issue has recently been the link between SCC and collagen VII, as a mortality of about 80% has been reported in patients with severe generalized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) associated with metastatic SCC. This is a process through which epithelial cells acquire a migratory mesenchymal phenotype [71]. Immunohistochemically, the published cases expressed epithelial markers and were consistently negative for vascular markers. independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. carcinoma of head and neck. Furthermore, the gene encoding the information required for the synthesis of this protein is located in the chromosome 1q21 containing the epidermal differentiation complex [47]. prediction of prognosis in esophageal SCC. Currently, the link between SCC aggressiveness and collagen VII (Col 7) is being debated considering that mortality is high (more than 78%) in patients with severe generalized RDEB with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. As a comprehensive chemotherapeutic approach in the metastatic form is still lacking, new molecular insights are to be done. ESCC as an autocrine/paracrine factor via enhancing angiogenesis a could be a useful tumor marker to stage disease and monitor considered an independent prognostic marker. newly developed tumour marker which is useful in evaluating Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are usually found in the area of loss rendering the cells more susceptible to tumorigenesis [ 32 ]. squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients treated by UFT in The 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of Head and Neck Tumors (Barnes et … large cell lung carcinoma, especially the squamous cell type. of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. In contrast, squamous cell a useful serum marker panel for distinguishing small cell carcinoma of lung from PMID: 9128978, a useful tumor marker for squamous cell Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by high rates of mortality and treatment-related morbidity, underscoring the urgent need for innovative and safe treatment strategies and diagnosis practices. It has been shown that cell lines derived from oral and dermal SCC contain a new population of CSC that influences EMT. Molecules with well-established roles in epithelial adhesion are currently studied regarding their metastatic involvement. esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. could be used as a useful marker for investigating the cellular //2007-09-24: A&B-LinkUnit Built by scientists, for scientists. In addition, 75% of patients diagnosed with cSCC were identified with mutations in NOTCH tumor suppressor genes [41]. could be a useful and neck squamous cell carcinoma (. They develop through two etiopathogenic pathways: one is linked to HPV infection, while the second is HPV-independent. Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (VaSCC) is a tumor with a relatively low occurrence rate of 1–2% of all gynecological malignancies [112], but it can occur in approximately 30% of cervical cancer cases [113, 114]. form of cancer of the carcinoma type that may occur in many Latest studies associated omics approaches with humoral immune systems components in SCC involvement; thus recent approaches discern the expression of complement system components in SCC. It is known that main factors leading to tumor genesis are mutations in the tumor suppressor genes, such as the APC gene. PMID: 7834876, expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the squamous cell carcinoma treated with cisplatin. poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of lung. When their density decreases, stem cells generate proliferative colonies called holoclones. Tumor markers of increased proliferation in oral carcinoma have been identified and explored for more than a decade now. patients with ESCC, but also a novel marker for predicting a 2 The diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) carries a poor prognosis, with an overall survival (OS) of approximately 1 year. Recent years have seen a shift toward therapy and prognosis, with a strong emphasis on those molecular biomarkers associated with tumor suppression and apoptosis, especially p53/p63 and Bcl-2 [101]. suggesting high malignancy potential and decreased postoperative Thus, the most important angiogenic biomarker involved in carcinogenesis and OSCC tumor dissemination is VEGF which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of tumor vasculature [108, 109]. These studies have found an increased concentration of Hsp70 [128]. prognostic marker of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. However, recent molecular studies have made significant progress in understanding and identification of those biomarkers best placed to predict OSCC aggression. PMID: 16045581, a surrogate marker of cancer tissue for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. p40 and napsin A, and CK5/6 and TTF1 dual-marker staining were suitable for the differential diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. PMID: 2737620, M-CSF ((macrophage Cancer stem cells (CSC) represent a pluripotent population of tumor cells with self-renewal properties playing an important role in tumor initiation, growth and maintenance [54, 55]. The considerable risk of SCC recurrence and metastasis has driven the need for the discovery of new molecules that could explain the initiation and biological behavior of this type of NMSC. PMID: 10399955, a valuable prognostic marker in oropharyngeal activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but can also form an ulcer. patients with squamous cell carcinoma during and after early development of oral SCC. PMID: 2584067, CEA is a good general marker for carcinoma, Moreover, tumor clinical factors such as size, anatomical location, tumor thickness, depth of invasion, histopathological subtypes, perineural invasion and inflammation [10, 37] correlate with an increased risk of developing metastatic lesions with significant impact on progression and aggressiveness of SCC. HGF may be involved in the progression of a Attempts have been made to refine histopathological analysis with immunohistochemistry; this detects gene composition at protein level and brings forward several prognostic tumor biomarkers associated with OSCC’s clinical outcome. progression and a valuable independent prognostic factor in clinicopathological factors. PMID: 15709184, a Clinically, cSCC shows up red patches, rough or scaly, that can bleed or crust with slow healing. Proteomic analysis of normal, dysplastic, and malignant keratinocytes appears to be promising in respect to SCC biomarker discovery, with the potential to aid in risk assessment, early detection, disease progression and development of novel targeted therapeutic agents. Dual-marker immunostaining is a relatively easy, time- and cost-conserving staining method for detecting two markers in a single section using one procedure and one chromogen. Hence, approximately 3–5% of cSCCs recur and almost 5% metastasize within 5 years [8]. google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; Others biomarkers associated with OSCC are p53/p63 and Bcl-2. Serine peptidase and their inhibitors (Serpins) are also considered useful for biomarker monitoringing of cSCC progression. By studying skin carcinogenesis, phases of early alterations in the skin layers and of the mechanisms beneath are highlighted. Others biomarkers associated with OSCC are p53/p63 and Bcl-2. Thereby, the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cSCC progression, offering a genuine reservoir for finding novel targets for both therapeutic purposes and risk assessments in cSCC. cell carcinoma. SCC can occur either in 1) the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 2) the nasopharynx, 3) the hypopharynx, larynx, and trachea, or 4) the oral cavity and oropharynx. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium that shows It is a malignant tumor of epithelium … Analyzing allelic variation and cell-surface protein expression germline of HLA I and II antigens in SCC patients and healthy controls, it was suggested that HLA pattern differs between immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients regarding the risk for developing SCC. squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may be a useful tool in PMID: 15319251, VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), a marker of tumor invasion and metastasis in curatively resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Alterations in the composition of basement membrane and dermal extracellular matrix of premalignant lesions are early events in cSCC progression. neck, especially in early stages of tumor development. PMID: 9459151, a useful marker for esophageal squamous cell of PTEN expression is a prognostic marker for. Many therapeutic approaches have been proposed that have had at the forefront this mechanism and the molecules involved. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. The UVA effects are mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce oxidative stress affecting the proteome through oxidation of DNA repair proteins, thus inhibiting DNA repair [17]. combination with radiation. EMT’s involvement in several types of cancers such as OSCC [74], breast cancer [75] and others is variable, affecting both tyrosine kinase receptors as well as Wnt signaling pathways [76]. esophagus: a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker. cells. marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target in human Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? PMID: 10445084, a sensitive tumour marker for non-small cell primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma lesions as a poor (macrophage PMID: 7521651, It is worth mentioning that despite being an oncogenic gene with a major role to play in tumor invasion, cyclin D1 (independent of EGFR) bears no pathological significance to OSCC. The exposure to UV radiation determine mutations of p53 tumor suppressor gene (responsible for apoptosis, cell proliferation, and DNA differentiation) together with the modifications of different biomarkers such as E-cadherin (a decrease in E cadherin expression in the primary lesion is correlated with the development of regional lymph node metastases), Ki-67 (associated with recurrent aggressive tumors) and cyclin D1 (a proto-oncogene which is essential in the development of skin cancer leading to the organization and abnormal differentiation of tissues). colony-stimulating factor). the uterine cervix. PMID: 16827140, valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a
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