[90] Sihanouk feared a Democratic Party government and in March 1955 abdicated the throne in favor of his father, Norodom Suramarit. [149] He took over from Sary as the Secretary of the North East Zone. [205], The Khmer Rouge had long viewed Phnom Penh's population with mistrust, particularly as the city's numbers had been swelled by peasant refugees who had fled the Khmer Rouge's advance and were considered to be traitors. [257] In the 1970s, Marxist–Leninism was at its strongest point in history,[258] and Pol Pot presented the Cambodian example as the one which other revolutionary movements should follow. [127] The party's main area of growth was in the rural provinces and by 1965 membership was at 2000. [244] Pol Pot instead wanted to double or triple the country's population, hoping it could reach between 15 and 20 million within a decade. [387] In June, Samphân announced that in contravention of earlier agreements its troops would not disarm, stating that it refused to do so while Vietnamese soldiers remained in Cambodia. [319] There were renewed border clashes between Cambodia and Vietnam in early 1977, continuing into April. They refused, urging him to revert to a political struggle. [360] The Vietnamese advanced on Tasanh, from which the Khmer Rouge leaders had fled only a few hours before it was captured. [325] In January and February 1978, the Cambodian Army launched raids on various Vietnamese villages. Pol To Paul. These mass killings, coupled with malnutrition and poor medical care, killed between 1.5 and 2 million people, approximately a quarter of Cambodia's population, a period later termed the Cambodian genocide. By the spring of 1977, 1000 people were being sent there each month. The U.S. journalist Nate Thayer was invited to film the event. No outsider was allowed to meet him without an escort. Date of birth. [200] In 1975, the troops defending Phnom Penh began discussing surrender, eventually doing so and allowing the Khmer Rouge to enter the city on 17 April. [437] In later life he concealed and falsified many details of his life. Despite its ideological iconoclasm, many historical monuments were left undamaged by the Khmer Rouge;[282] for Pol Pot's government, like its predecessors, the historic state of Angkor was a key point of reference. [214] In early May, they moved their headquarters to the former Finance Ministry building. [388] The Khmer Rouge became increasingly confrontational, expanding its territory across western Cambodia. [289], The Khmer Rouge converted a disused secondary school in Phnom Penh's Tuol Sleng region into a security prison, S-21. [395] By the end of 1996, the Khmer Rouge had lost almost all the territory they held in the interior of Cambodia, being restricted to a few hundred miles along the northern border. Csatlakozz, segíts gyarapítani a környező országokról szóló szócikkeink számát! In a speech on the first anniversary of their victory in the civil war, Khieu referred to the Vietnamese as imperialists. [283] There were also several village rebellions among the Cham. So we have to turn to the West and follow their way. He doesn’t want anyone to know about his sexuality, especially because he hasn’t yet come to terms with it himself. Returning to Cambodia in 1953, he involved himself in the Marxist–Leninist Khmer Việt Minh organisation and its guerrilla war against King Norodom Sihanouk's newly independent government. [407][408] The Khmer Rouge themselves continued to face territorial losses to the Cambodian Army and in March 1999 Ta Mok was also captured. [350] As the Vietnamese approached, many officers and other soldiers guarding the city fled; the defence was highly disorganised. At the same time, he believed that his main Marxist backers, the Chinese, were themselves restoring capitalism with Deng's reforms. Boston: South End Press, 1984, p. 288. [216] Their goal was to reach 70 to 80% farm mechanisation in five to ten years, and a modern industrial base in fifteen to twenty years. [355] [312], Ben Kiernan estimates that 1.671 million to 1.871 million Cambodians died as a result of Khmer Rouge policy, or between 21% and 24% of Cambodia's 1975 population. [410] According to key Khmer Rouge figure Khieu Samphan, a key concept was "zero for him, zero for you - that is communism", in that in a society where all things were the possession of the state and no individual owned anything, everyone would be equal. [106], At a 1959 conference, the movement's leadership established the Kampuchean Labour Party, based on the Marxist–Leninist model of democratic centralism. The whole world admires us, sings our praises and learns from us. Under his administration, Cambodia was converted into a one-party communist state governed according to Pol Pot's interpretation of Marxism–Leninism. They did not reject foreign assistance altogether although regarded it as pernicious. [461], Various Marxist–Leninist groups endorsed Pol Pot's government while it was in power. Many cadres ate the livers of their victims and tore unborn foetuses from their mothers for use as kun krak talismans. [175] From 1970 to 1971, the Khmer Rouge had generally sought to cultivate good relations with the inhabitants, organising local elections and assemblies. Dr. Jan Pol was born as the youngest of six children in Drenthe, Netherlands on September 4, 1942. [21] At the Ecole Technique he met Ieng Sary, who became a close friend and later a member of his government. Pol Pot tried repeatedly, but unsuccessfully, to get him to change his mind. [296] Vietnam responded by ordering its Air Force to bomb Cambodian border positions. [303] Instead, China became Cambodia's main international partner. [399], While under house arrest American journalist Nate Thayer conducted the last interview with Pot where Pot stated that his "conscience is clear" but acknowledged that mistakes were made and told Thayer that "I want you to know that everything I did, I did for my country". [82] The civil conflict then intensified, with France backing Sihanouk's war against the rebels. Pol Pot transformed Cambodia into a one-party state called Democratic Kampuchea. 杜卡斯, Paul Abraham Dukas, Дюка, Πωλ Ντυκά, Պոլ Դյուկա, Pol Düka [310] The Chinese were the only country allowed to retain their old Phnom Penh embassy. Conversely, he has been internationally denounced for his role in the Cambodian genocide and is regarded as a totalitarian dictator guilty of crimes against humanity. After several years of border clashes, the newly unified Vietnam invaded Cambodia in December 1978, toppling Pol Pot and installing a rival Marxist–Leninist government in 1979. (Embedded English subtitles) [274] From the summer of 1976, the government ordered that children over the age of seven would live not with their parents but communally with Khmer Rouge instructors. [411], Pol Pot took up ideas of orthodox Marxism–Leninism but, contrary to Marx and Lenin's concepts, he believed in the ideal of an entirely self-sufficient and agrarian socialist society that would be entirely free from all foreign influences. “From pole to pole”. [229] Later in 1975, Pol Pot also took Ponnary's old family home in the rue Docteur Hahn as a residence, and subsequently also took a villa in the south of the city for his own. At the Central Committee Plenum held in Phnom Penh in September, they agreed that currency would lead to corruption and undermine their efforts to establish a socialist society. [11] Sâr's family had connections to the Cambodian royalty: his cousin Meak was a consort of King Sisowath Monivong and later worked as a ballet teacher. [465] Bergström noted that he and his fellow members had heard about atrocities that were taking place but "did not want to believe them". [95] Although not qualified to teach at a state school,[96] he gained employment teaching history, geography, French literature, and morals at a private school, the Chamraon Vichea ("Progressive Knowledge");[97] his pupils, who included the later novelist Soth Polin, described him as a good teacher. [285] Over the coming months the numbers arrested grew. [111] In January 1962, Sihanouk's security services cracked down further on Cambodia's socialists, incarcerating Pracheachon's leaders and leaving the party largely moribund. [120], Conditions at the Viet Cong camp were basic and food scarce. [295] Across the country, peasant cadres tortured and killed members of their communities whom they disliked. [163] This helped fuel recruitment to the Khmer Rouge,[164] which had an estimated 12,000 regular soldiers at the end of 1970 and four times that number by 1972. Aided by the Việt Cộng militia and North Vietnamese troops, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forces advanced and controlled all of Cambodia by 1975. [331] Aware that they would be killed on Pol Pot's orders, increasing numbers of Eastern Zone troops began rebelling against the Khmer Rouge government. [293] By 1977, the growing violence, coupled with poor food, was generating disillusionment even within the Khmer Rouge's core support base. [161] The U.S. dropped three times as many bombs on Cambodia during the conflict as they had on Japan during World War II. [320] That month, Pol Pot travelled to Beijing, and from there to North Korea, where Kim Il Sung spoke out against Vietnam in solidarity with the Khmer Rouge. He is also the charismatic and world-renowned star of Nat Geo WILD’s #1 hit television series, “The Incredible Dr. Pol,” which follows the doctor on his routine 14-hour workdays treating both pets and livestock. [49], In Paris, Ieng Sary and two others established the Cercle Marxiste ("Marxist Circle"), a Marxist–Leninist organisation arranged in a clandestine cell system. [328] Large photographs of Pol Pot began to be placed in communal dining halls,[329] while oil paintings and busts of him were produced. [393], Pol Pot had grown suspicious of Son Sen and in June 1997 ordered his death. [218] Shortly after the taking of Phnom Penh, Ieng Sary travelled to Beijing, negotiating the provision of 13,300 tons of Chinese weaponry to Cambodia. [364] In November 1979, the United Nations General Assembly voted to recognise the Khmer Rouge delegation, rather than that of the Vietnamese-backed government, as the legitimate government of Cambodia. [198] There the Khmer Rouge agreed that it would expel the populations of Cambodia's cities to rural villages. [313] A study by French demographer Marek Sliwinski calculated slightly fewer than 2 million unnatural deaths under the Khmer Rouge out of a 1975 Cambodian population of 7.8 million; 33.5% of Cambodian men died under the Khmer Rouge compared to 15.7% of Cambodian women. [28] Instead, he enrolled in 1948 to study carpentry at the Ecole Technique in Russey Keo, in Phnom Penh's northern suburbs. [123] In early 1964, Sâr established his own encampment, Office 100, on the South Vietnamese side of the border. One of the students Bruno, Merlí’s son, is gay and has a huge crush on his long-time friend Pol, who is straight. [316], While considerably higher than earlier and more widely accepted estimates of Khmer Rouge executions, the Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam)'s Craig Etcheson defended such estimates of over one million executions as "plausible, given the nature of the mass grave and DC-Cam's methods, which are more likely to produce an under-count of bodies rather than an over-estimate. Short suggested that Pol Pot, along with other senior members of the Khmer Rouge, engaged in the "glorification of violence" and saw bloodshed as a "cause for exultation". [145] The government responded with scorched-earth policies, aerially bombarding areas where rebels were active. [287] They were encouraged to confess to the accusations, often after torture or the threat of torture, with these confessions then being read out at party meetings. [291] Between 15,000 and 20,000 people would be killed at S-21 during the Khmer Rouge period. [249] Neologisms were introduced and everyday vocabulary was altered to encourage a more collectivist mentality; Cambodians were encouraged to talk about themselves in the plural "we" rather than the singular "I". [310] Pol Pot believed that Vietnam was committed to expansionism and thus was a threat to Cambodian independence. [231] Communal kitchens were also introduced so that all members of a commune ate together rather than in their individual homes. [267] Despite their Marxist pretences, the Khmer Rouge sought to eradicate the working class, seeing it as a "decadent relic of the past". [371] Pol Pot proposed a new Movement of Nationalists that would replace the party, although this failed to fully materialise. [382] Pol Pot deemed this too soon, for he feared that the Khmer Rouge had not gained sufficient popular support to produce significant gains in any post-war election. [45] He returned to Yugoslavia the following year for a camping holiday. [458], Chandler noted that while "Cambodia's revolution" under Pol Pot produced "millions of victims", it also had some beneficiaries. [142] In November 1967, Sâr travelled from Tay Ninh to base Office 102 near Kang Lêng. [449], Pol Pot wanted his followers to develop a "revolutionary consciousness" that would allow them to act without his guidance and was often disappointed when they failed to display this. [345] The entire diplomatic corps followed shortly after. [306] Many thousands of Chinese military advisors and technicians were also sent to the country to assist in projects like the construction of the Kampong Chhnang military airport. [160] This pulled Cambodia into the Second Indochina War already raging across Vietnam. Initially, he wanted to be a farmer, however, at the age of twelve years, the precise moment Dr.Pol helped a vet deliver a litter of piglets he knew he wanted to be a … [397] Ta Mok was concerned that Pol Pot could turn on him too. There are 60+ professionals named "Paul Pol", who use LinkedIn to exchange information, ideas, and opportunities. [272] Many of these irrigation projects failed due to a lack of technical expertise on the part of the workers. Cependant, il ne correspond pas à l'apôtre mais à saint Pol Aurélien, communément appelé saint Pol de Léon[1]. [317], An estimated 300,000 Cambodians starved to death between 1979 and 1980, largely as a result of the after-effects of Khmer Rouge policies. [384] In June, the various Cambodian factions agreed a ceasefire, to be overseen by the United Nations, with the formation of a new Supreme National Council to facilitate the implementation of democratic elections. Michael Vickery, Cambodia: 1975–1982. [114], As well as facing leftist opposition, Sihanouk's government faced hostility from right-wing opposition centred on Sihanouk's former Minister of State, Sam Sary, who was backed by the United States, Thailand and South Vietnam. [337] In December 1978, it formally launched the Khmer National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS), a group made up of Cambodian exiles which it hoped to install in place of the Khmer Rouge. [363] Senior Khmer Rouge members began disavowing the cause of socialism. [169] Membership of the party was made more selective, permitting only those regarded as "poor peasants", not those seen as "middle peasants" or students. [286] These party members were accused of being spies for either the CIA, the Soviet KGB, or the Vietnamese. This meant that around 4,000 soldiers left, almost halving the troop forces that the Khmer Rouge then commanded. [243], From 1975 on, all those living in rural co-operatives, meaning the vast majority of Cambodia's population, were reclassified as members of one of three groups: the full-rights members, the candidates, and the depositees. [406] These cultivated an atmosphere of perpetual vigilance and suspicion within the movement. [362] In September 1979, Khieu announced that the Khmer Rouge was establishing a new united front, the Patriotic Democratic Front, bringing together all Cambodians who opposed the Vietnamese occupation. [342], On 25 December 1978, the Vietnamese Army launched its full-scale invasion. Champagnes Pol Roger - My tastes are simple, i am easily satisfied with the best. Pol Pot suspected senior military figures were behind the bombing and, although unable to prove who was responsible, had several army officers arrested. [130] In Hanoi, Sâr read through the archives of the Workers' Party of Vietnam, concluding that the Vietnamese Marxist–Leninists were committed to pursuing an Indochinese Federation and that their interests were therefore incompatible with Cambodia's. [388] It carried out massacres of the Vietnamese settlers who had recently arrived in the area. [217], The Khmer Rouge wanted to establish Cambodia as a self-sufficient state. [192] Pol Pot ordered the internment of many of the Khmer Rouge who had spent time in North Vietnam and were considered too sympathetic to them. If the Vietnamese leave and we can defend our country, I will[…] retire. [107] Its existence was to be kept secret from non-members. [413] Even more influential was the work of Mao Zedong, particularly his New Democracy. [12] When Sâr was six years old, he and an older brother were sent to live with Meak in Phnom Penh; informal adoptions by wealthier relatives were then common in Cambodia. [346] As a child, his brother characterized him as having been sweet tempered and equable, while fellow school pupils recalled that Pol Pot was mediocre but pleasant. [445] As well as having a love of traditional Khmer music,[393] in childhood he became interested in romantic French poetry, with the work of Paul Verlaine being among his favorites. [141] North Vietnam refused to assist in this, rejecting their requests for weaponry. [60] Following Mao's thoughts and political example, in the mid-1960s Pol Pot reformulated his ideas about Marxism–Leninism to better suit the Cambodian situation. [422] [403], On 15 April 1998, Pol Pot died in his sleep, apparently of heart failure. [34] The most successful of these was the Democratic Party, which won the 1946 general election. [393] In September he ordered the execution of a Briton, a Frenchman, and an Australian who had been captured in a Khmer Rouge attack on a train. And when I die I will die peacefully. Due to family lifestyle and the setting around him in early years, Dr.Pol was bound to like animals. [212], On 20 April 1975, three days after Phnom Penh fell, Pol Pot secretly arrived in the abandoned city. [16] He became literate in French and familiar with Christianity. Within Democratic Kampuchea, there was much regional and local variation in how party cadres implemented Pol Pot's orders. [251] Restrictions were placed on movement, with people permitted to travel only with the permission of the local Khmer Rouge authorities. [256] With Sihanouk no longer part of the government, Pol Pot's government stated that the "national revolution" was over and that the "socialist revolution" could begin, allowing the country to move towards pure communism as swiftly as possible. [231], Although Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge remained the de facto government, initially the formal government was the GRUNK coalition, although its nominal head, Penn Nouth, remained in Beijing. He grew up on a dairy farm with his two brothers and three sisters. [333], Early in 1978, Pol Pot's government began trying to improve relations with various foreign countries, such as Thailand, to bolster its position against Vietnam. [377] In 1983, Pol Pot travelled to Bangkok for a medical check-up; there he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease. [197] He concluded that the Khmer Rouge should start talking openly about its commitment to making Cambodia a socialist society and launch a secret campaign to oppose Sihanouk's influence. [24] During the new year vacation in 1945, Sâr and several friends from his college theatre troupe went on a provincial tour in a bus to raise money for a trip to Angkor Wat. [6] Sâr's mother, Sok Nem, was locally respected as a pious Buddhist. [276] Fearing criticism, many party cadres falsely claimed that they had met the government's food production quota. [432] He was also highly reclusive,[5] obsessed with secrecy,[433] and fearful of the threat of assassination. [412] Joseph Stalin's work has been described as a "crucial formative influence" on Pol Pot. [19] A new junior middle school, the Collége Pream Sihanouk, was established in Kampong Cham, and Sâr was selected as a boarder at the institution in 1942. [48] He was a member of Vannsak's discussion circle, whose ideologically diverse membership discussed ways to achieve Cambodian independence. [288] As well as occurring in the area around Phnom Penh, trusted party cadres were sent into the country's zones to initiate further purges among the party membership there. [393], Pol Pot placed renewed emphasis on those living in Khmer Rouge territory imitating the lives of the poorest peasants and in 1994 ordered the confiscation of private transport and an end to cross-border trade with Thailand. [16] Sâr was not academically gifted and was held back two years, receiving his Certificat d'Etudes Primaires Complémentaires in 1941 at the age of 16. [294] In rural areas, most of the killings were perpetrated by young cadres who were enforcing what they believed to be the government's will. Dr Pol Brother Died – Death, Obituary, Dead, Funeral: We just heard the sad news about Dr Pol brother who has died.Pol is a renowned veterinarian doctor, married to Diane. Pol Pot was very frail and had to be carried. [32] After the war ended with Germany's and Japan's defeat, France reasserted its control over Cambodia in 1946,[33] but allowed for the creation of a new constitution and the establishment of various political parties. "[269], The Cambodian population were officially known as "Kampuchean" rather than "Khmer" to avoid the ethnic specificity associated with the latter term. [69], Sâr arrived in Saigon on 13 January 1953, the same day on which Sihanouk disbanded the Democratic-controlled National Assembly, began ruling by decree, and imprisoned Democratic members of parliament without trial. [125] Their interpretation moved away from the orthodox Marxist focus on the urban proletariat as the forces of a revolution to build socialism, giving that role instead to the rural peasantry, a far larger class in Cambodian society. [255], The removal of Sihanouk ended the pretence that the Khmer Rouge government was a united front. Two sci-fi geeks take a pilgrimage to America's UFO heartland. [297], In 1978, the government initiated a second purge, during which tens of thousands of Cambodians were accused of being Vietnamese sympathisers and killed. [181], CPK members were expected to attend regular (sometimes daily) "lifestyle meetings" in which they engaged in criticism and self-criticism. [261] Pol Pot's key allies took the other two positions, with Nuon Chea as President of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and Khieu Samphân as the head of state. His recorded statements to small gatherings often sound more brutal than those he made to larger groups, but he never gives the impression that he is raising his voice or losing his equanimity. "[368], Short observed that decision-making in Pol Pot's Cambodia was "unruly", making it dissimilar from the centralised, organised processes found in other Marxist–Leninist states. [314] According to a 2001 academic source, the most widely accepted estimates of excess deaths under the Khmer Rouge range from 1.5 million to 2 million, although figures as low as 1 million and as high as 3 million have been cited; conventionally accepted estimates of deaths due to Khmer Rouge executions range from 500,000 to 1 million, "a third to one half of excess mortality during the period".
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